Six Kind of Monologues

Six Kind of Monologues

1.    Explanation text

A.      SOCIAL FUNCTION   : To explain the processes involved in the formation or workings of natural or sociocultural phenomena.

B.       GENERIC STRUCTURE

·    A general statement to position the reader.

·       A sequenced explanation of why or how something occurs.

C.  SIGNIFICANT  LEXICOGRAMMATICAL FEATURES

·       Focus on generic, non-human Participants.

·       Use mainly of Material and Relational Processes.

·       Use mainly of temporal and causal Circumstances and Conjunctions.

·       Some use of Passive voice to get Theme right

D.      THE EXAMPLE OF NARRATIVE :

Snow

           Water in its pure formis colorless. If there are impurities, the color of the water. Snow can also take the color of other objects. For example, in the case of deep glacier ice blocks appear blue. But the snow is slightly different from the ice. (general statement)

Snow is a collection of small ice crystals and interconnected. Ice is clear and color less as the accumulation of crystals combine to form snowflakes. Snow invisible to us because of the light.Snow fell from the top to the atmosphere and reaches Earth. Ice crystals allow the light that fall son them to get reflected on its surface. There are some crystal faces and the light because it's also so scattered. Has a wave length of visible light of different light show to us.When light strikes any object to be absorbed somewhere in the reflected light and the other part. Part of the reflected light reaches our eyes and make us recognize colors. (sequenced process of how the snow occurs)

Light falling on the ice crystals do not pass through the glass for long distances, but they tend to change direction. Light reflected at an angle in the ice. As the snow there as a collection of some of the snow flakes on the ground, the light falling on them will not have a specific wavelength this reflected with some regularity. Thus, most of the light falling on the snow almost entirely be reflected back. The light that is reflected in the snow will stay white for most of the time as the total light and the reflected wavelength. Therefore, the snow is white. (sequenced process of how the snow occurs)

LANDSLIDES

Soil erosion is a geological event that occurs because of the fall of the movement of the ground like a big lump of rock or soil which is also a natural phenomenon that occurs in the mountains surrounding the area. The steeper the area, the greater the possibility of landslides. All the material on the slopes of the earth have a point where these materials will remain stable. (general statements)

Landslide occurs when the top layer of earth and stones apart from the main part of the mountain or hill. This usually occurs because of high rainfall, earthquakes, or volcanic eruptions. In some cases, the exact cause is unknown. Landslides can occur because of natural faults and the weather on the soil and rocks. These cases are mainly in humid and hot climate like in Indonesia. When the landslide happens the top layer of the earth starts to slide freely on the slopes and take the momentum in this slide, so the launch will be faster (up to about 30 meters / second). A large volume of soil and mud slides is that damages homes, destroy buildings and sweeps man in seconds. (sequenced of how the landslide happen)

Although landslides are natural phenomena, some human activities could be a factor causing the landslide, when these activities resonate with vulnerability and natural conditions that have been mentioned. Examples of these human activities are haphazard felling trees on the slope area, quarry rocks, soil or other minerals which cause slope instability, pumping and draining groundwater that cause the decline of groundwater levels, changing the flow of canal water from its natural path, leakage in water pipe that changes structures (including the pressure in the soil) and the level of soil wetness and rocks, changing the slope of the area (such as the construction of roads), and excessive loading of the buildings in the hills. (sequenced process of how the landslide happen)

The building that is located on the mountain slopes can be at risk of landslide disasters. If the landslide happens, the house can be hit by a big rocks or buried in soil on a large enough scale. As a result, the house and its contents are damaged. The disaster also claims the lives of human bias in that house who do not have time to escape. (sequenced  process of how the landslide happen)

2.    Analytical Exposition

A.    SOCIAL FUNCTION :  To persuade the reader or listener that something is the    case.

B.   GENERIC STRUCTURE

a.    Thesis

Position       : Introduces topic and indicates writer’s position.

Preview       : Outlines the main arguments to be presented.

b.    Arguments

Point           : restates main arguments outlined in Preview.

Elaboration : develops and supports each Point/argument

c.    Reiteration  : restates writer’s position.

C.       SIGNIFICANT LEXICOGRAMMATICAL FEATURES

a.    Focus on generic human and non-human Participants.

b.    Use of simple present tense.

c.    Use of Relational Processes.

d.   Use of Internal conjunction to state argument

e.    Reasoning through Causal Conjunction or nominalization.

D.       THE EXAMPLE OF  ANALYTICAL EXPOSITION        :

Why is It Important to Choose the Accredited School?

Most of teenagers need to go to school and there are a lot ofschools over there. Nowadays, schools grow to offer plenty of choice; private and state ones. However it is a hard choice since there are many factors which need to be considered before making the selection.(Thesis)

Some will be influenced by friends; because some friend got to certain school than we go to there too. Some prefer to choose certain school because ofthe closer distance. In fact, the primary decisive matter for selecting school is whether the school has been accredited or not. (First argument)

Why is important to choose an accredited school? Well, accredited schools have an edge over the unaccredited schools. This label of Accredited School has an impact inemployment opportunities. As result, if there are two or more students with similar qualifications, the student who comes from the accredited school will have an edge over the other candidate.  Student  from  an  accredited  school  has  more  open  door  than  student  with an  accredited one. (Second argument)

Many students select certain school depending more on short term factors like friend influence and short distance from home. It is not bad since commuting actually needs much cost. Choosing school which is closer to home will save time, energy and money. However if that school is not accredited, the time and money spent along studying seems to be waste in the long term because it could become a limiting factor in gaining future opportunities. (Third argument)

Accredited school is not the only factor which will drive student’s success. Personality and characterization are very important too. However a student with good personality who comes from an accredited school is better than the others. (Reiteration)

Controlling Children Using Computer

Computer and internet are useful as well as powerful. Information about health and safe usage of computer and Internet, especially for children, should be owned by each family. Computer connected to internet is powerful way to socialize with others. It can be good but also bad effect. Recently we hear a lot of children get the advantage of social networking sites but we often see the news about the disadvantage of it for children. Healthy and safety of computer and Internet usage should continue to be campaigned. (Thesis)

The role of parent in assisting and directing children in using computer is very necessary. Installation of software monitor such as key logger which has function to watch and note all activities relating to keyboard usage is helpful but not enough to protect children from potential harms. Children tend to hide what they have done in front of the computer to their parent. They see that all of they have done are their privacy and no one may know. (argument/opinion)

We can not  prevent children from using computer because it is multifunctional. However, many parents worry about what their kids do in front of the computer; whether they are doing homework or even just playing games. Or spending all time to surf internet which is the materials do not fit with his age. There is a tendency, especially teenagers, want to become acquainted with many strangers outside. The lack parental supervision of children's activities is likely to pose a potential danger to them. So parental monitor against the use of computers needs to be done from time to time. (Reiteration)

3.    HORTATORY EXPOSITION

A.    SOCIAL FUNCTION : To persuade the reader or listener that something should or should not be the case.

B.     GENERIC STRUCTURE

·       Thesis: announcement of issue concern.

·       Arguments: reasons for concern, leading to recommendation.

·       Recommendation: statement of what ought or ought not to happen.

C.     SIGNIFICANT  LEXICOGRAMMATICAL FEATURES

·       Focus on generic human and non-human Participants, except for speaker or writer referring to self.

·       Use of:

·   Mental Processes: to state what writer thinks or feels about issue, e.g. realize, feel, appreciate.

·  Material Processes: to state what happens, e.g., is polluting, drive, travel, spend, should be treated.

·   Relational Processes: to state what is or should be, e.g., doesn’t seem to have been, is.

·   Use of simple present tense.

D.    THE EXAMPLE OF HORTATORY EXPOSITION :

Tourism Benefit on Local People

What is the benefit of tourism for local people? Well, Tourism is now a huge contributor to the economies of most countries. Tourism industries can bring money, job vacancy and advancement especially to developing regions. However, this money often goes into the pockets of foreign investors, and only rarely benefits for local people. (Thesis)

Tourism industries will not give much benefit for local people if, for example, multinational hotel chains don't care about the surrounding nature when they build new hotels. This can cause many social, cultural and geographical problems. Some local people may get job and money from that International hotel chain. However in case of missing that opportunity, some of them still have their own environment. (First argument)

Moreover, some facts show that tourists tend to go, visit and spend their money in restaurants, bars and even luxury hotels of that multinational chains. They less go to such places; restaurant, bar, hotel, shop which are owned by local people. This can prevent the local people's business from becoming even larger. (Second argument)

Most important thing, tours or excursions of tourism have little effect on nature. Even it can disrupt or destroy ecosystems and environments, and if it does, the local people will get the risk. (Third argument)

So, the local government policies should be put in place to ensure that tourism will make the benefit spreading widely. The policies should guarantee that tourism will not cause any harm to any local people or places. (Recommendation)

Learning English Through Music and Songs is Fun

Learning English through music and songs can be very enjoyable. You can mix pleasure with learning when you listen to a song and exploit the song as a means to your English progress. Some underlying reason can be drawn to support the idea why we use songs in language learning. (Thesis)

Firstly, “the song stuck in my head” Phenomenon (the echoing in our minds of the last song we heard after leaving a restaurant, shopping malls, etc) can be both enjoyable and sometimes unnerving. This phenomenon also seems to reinforce the idea that songs work on our short-and-long term memory. ( First argument)

Secondly, songs in general also use simple conversational language, with a lot of repetition, which is just what many learners look for sample text. The fact that they are effective makes them many times more motivating than other text. Although usually simple, some songs can be quite complex syntactically, lexically and poetically, and can be analyzed in the same way as any other literary sample. (Second argument)

Furthermore, song can be appropriated by listener for their own purpose. Most pop songs and probably many other types don’t have precise people, place or time reference. (Fourth argument)

In addition, songs are relaxing. They provide variety and fun, and encourage harmony within oneself and within one group. Little wonder they are important tools in sustaining culture, religion, patriotism and yeas, even revolution. (Fifth argument)

Last but not least, there are many learning activities we can do with songs such as studying grammar, practicing selective listening comprehension, translating songs, learning vocabulary, spelling and culture. (Sixth argument)

From the elaboration above, it can be concluded that learning through music and songs, learning English can be enjoyable and fun. (Recommendation)

Removing Lead From 
Petrol 

In all the discussion over the removal of lead from petrol (and the atmosphere) there doesn't seem to have been any mention of the difference between driving in the city and the country. (Thesis)

While I realize my leaded petrol car is polluting the air wherever I drive, I feel that when you travel through the country, where you only see the another car every five to ten minutes, the problem is not as severe as when traffic is concentrated on city roads.

Those who want to penalize older, leaded petrol vehicles and their owners don't seem to appreciate that, in the country, there is no public transport to fall back upon and one's own vehicle is the only way to get about.

I feel that the country people, who often have to travel huge distances to the nearest town and who already spend a great deal of money on petrol, should be treated differently to the people who live in the city. (Recommendation)

4.        DISCUSSION TEXT

A.      SOCIAL FUNCTION          :  to present information and opinions about issues in more than one side of an issue (‘for/pros’ and ‘against/cons’)

B.       GENERIC STRUCTURE      :

a.    Issue;

b.    Arguments for and against;

c.    Conclusion;

C.       Language Features, Using of  :

a.    Simple Present Tense;

b.    Relating verb/to be;

c.    Thinking verb;

d.    General & abstract noun;

e.    Conjuction/transition;

f.     Modality;

g.    Adverb of manner.

D.  The example of  discussion :

National Exam: Pro and Contra?

National exam becomes the hot topic in most of discussions. Though the Supreme Court has rejected an appeal by the go-vernment on the organization of the national exams, the controversy over whether it is necessary to maintain the national exams (UN) has continued. Some debates include the primary questions such as; does the quality of Indonesia education depend on the national exam?, will the quality of the Indonesian education system worsen without natipnal exam?(Issue)

People, who support the national exam explain that the quality of the Indonesia education system will drop without the national exam, so they try to defend the current system. (Agument for/pro)

However there are people who disagree with the opinion. Those who against this national exam kept in our high school education say that it doesn't need the national exams because the quality of education does not just depend on the national exam. Further, the national exam only measures a small portion of students' competence in specific subjects, and does not measure students' competences throughout the semester. (Arguments against/cons)

In fact, the national examination can still be useful as an instrument to evaluate or detect the level of students' cognitive competence in several subjects, on a national scale. (Conclusion)

Pros and Cons of Social Media in the Classroom

There’s an ongoing debate about the role social media should play in education. Advocates point out the benefits that social media provides for today's digital learners while critics call for regulation and for removing social media from classrooms. Finding a middle ground has become a challenge. (Issue)

As an educational tool, social media enriches the learning experience by allowing students and teachers to connect and interact in new, exciting ways. Web sites such as Facebook, Twitter, and LinkedIn provide a platform where users can dialog, exchange ideas, and find answers to questions. These sites are designed to foster collaboration and discussion.

Despite these benefits, critics argue that there are serious risks to using social media in the classroom. What are these risks—and do they outweigh the potential for opportunity?

PROS

Educational Tool Today’s students arrive on campus, fluent in Web and social networking technologies. Educators can leverage this knowledge to enrich the learning experience. With social media, instructors can foster collaboration and discussion, create meaningful dialogue, exchange ideas, and boost student interaction.

Enchance Student Engagement Social media is an effective way to increase student engagement and build better communication skills. Students who rarely raise a hand in class may feel more comfortable expressing themselves on Facebook, Twitter, or YouTube. Social networking platforms enable teachers to establish “black channels” that foster discussion and surface ideas that students are too shy or intimidated to voice out loud.

Improve Communication Among Students and Teachers Facebook and Twitter can enhance communication among students and teachers. Educators can answer students’ questions via a Facebook page or Twitter feed, post homework assignments and lesson plans, send messages and updates, schedule or announce upcoming events, and share interesting Web sites and multimedia content. Students can use Twitter to get help from instructors or other students. A great way for instructors to give participation points in addition to in class participation is by having students tweet about something that was discussed in class.

Preparing Students for Successful Employment Students entering the workforce can use social networking sites to network and find employment. With LinkedIn, students can establish a professional web presence, post a resume, research a target company or school, and connect with other job seekers and employers. College career centers and alumni associations are using Twitter to broadcast job openings and internships. Students should follow businesses or professional organizations on Facebook and Twitter to stay updated on new opportunities and important developments in their field.

CONS

Social Media can be a Distraction A common complaint among educators is that social media is distracting in the classroom. These instructors maintain that tools like Facebook and Twitter divert students' attention away from what's happening in class and are ultimately disruptive to the learning process. With the possibility that the use of social media tools can be an invitation for students to goof off, instructors should make sure they won't be abused.

Cyberbullying While social networking sites provide a way for students and teachers to connect, they can be a weapon of malicious behavior--even on college campuses. In a study about cyberbullying at Indiana State University, researchers Christine Macdonald and Bridget Roberts-Pittman found that almost 22 percent of college students admit to being harassed online. Of this group, 25 percent report they were bullied through a social networking site. Instructors who use social media as part of their course activities should be aware of potential dangers and plan to intervene on minor incidents before they become more serious. "By intervening at minor behaviors, we can stop more severe negative behaviors," said Macdonald. "We must insist on civil and respectful behavior."

Discouraging Face-to-Face Communication Some educators are concerned that while real-time digital stream may create a safe harbor for students who are uncomfortable expressing themselves, students are missing valuable lessons in real-life social skills. Students may find themselves at a disadvantage during college admission or job interviews when they need to command attention and deliver a coherent message. At social gatherings and in personal relationships, they need to be able to effectively express themselves and connect with others.

CONCLUSION

Ultimately, while the debate continues over what role social media should play in the classroom, no one can argue the influence that social networking has on today's students. This tech-savvy generation conducts much of their life through social media channels. Not surprisingly, they're already using YouTube, Facebook, and Twitter as tools for learning and collaboration. They expect that their campuses will follow suit. With this in mind, it seems prudent for today's institutions to get on the social media train and find ways to successfully integrate these tools into the classroom.

Discussion Text that I’ll Show in Practical Examinations

 The Impact of Foreign Movie

Movies also known as films, are type of visual communications which are moving pictures and sounds to tell story or inform (help people to learn). Now, we can easily find domestic movie or movie from another country in our Televison. Whereas, movies not only object to watch but movie give learn to people who watch it. That’s why movie have impact to us. (Issue)

Movie from another country can gives us information about their culture, for example their language, their custom, their dress, building or architecture in their country, etc. If we know it, it will make us easy to connected with people in another countries. As we know that, we have to make friendship not only with people in same area with us. We need more than it to make our friendship flexible. It also opens opportunity to us for example in our friend’s country there is job vacany, one day we need job vacancy to have job. Beside it, know their cilture can increase our knowledge as we know that there isn’t nothing in knowledge. Everything about knowledge is useful for us.  (arguments for/pros)

In movie, we also can see the place as the movie has setting. As human, we have many hope right? Which of you that have a hope to go to overseas? But we have to know if go to overseas is not easy. We need much money to go there. But as we know that, there is people who have much money and people who have money only enough for  theirs food and survive. From this case, people who have much money can go to overseas easily, but people who haven’t much money, they just need television with overseas movie to know how’s  their country wanted to go. (arguments for/pros)

Movie from overseas also give us possitive impact if we see that they use high technology to make their movie. So, we wanna grow up our movie better than before until our movie has same quality with Hollywood movie or Bollywood movie, or more than it. (arguments for/pros)

But some people argue that there are many bad impacts of foreign movie. We can see many scene that shown about sexuality and westernization that not match with our culture. If people watching foreign movie, they will imited their culture so that people will lose Indonesian culture. It also causes  there are many claim from another countries about our culture because of we prefer to learn another countries’ culture than our culture. For example, Jamu (tradisional herbal), Tor-Tor dance, Reog Ponorogo, and Rasa sayang-sayange song that claimed by Malaysia. Of course as citizen we can’t accept it right? But why we can’t accept if we still feel that another countries’ culture is better  than our country’s culture, with learn about another countries’ culture and forget about our culture? We have to instrospection about ourself that developing our country is better than we have to learn about another countries’ culture. For what if we know about another countries’ culture but don’t know about our culture? (arguments against/cons)

Have friend in another country as result of we know about their culture from movie, isn’t guarantee for us to get job in another country. How can we believe people easily? Some of foreign peoples is kind but we have to realize that some of others as usual human also have bad attitude. For example in Omegle social media, we can use web cam to look like face to face with people from another country but we need to be careful because sometimes, people with bad attitude there right? People that we meet there, isn’t usually has good attitude right? That’s why better to us have friend from our area that face to face in real. At least we know about their real character and we can select which one that match to be good friend for us. (arguments against/cons)

In conlusion, watching movie from another countries is allowed but have to selectively and match with our norms and culture  to decrease the bad impact of it. And also don’t forget about our culture. We must to keep and maintaining our culture.(conclusion)

5.      NARRATIVE

A.    SOCIAL FUNCTION: To amuse/entertain the readers/ listeners.

B.     Generic Structure         : 1. Orientation;

 2. Complication;

 3. Resolution;

 4. Reorientation.

C. Language Features      : 1. Using Simple Present Tense;

2. Using action verb;

3. Using chronogically arranged.

D. The example of narrative :

MOMOTARO Once upon a time there lived an old man an old woman in the country of Okayama. The old man went everyday into the mountains to cut wood, while his wife would go to the river to wash clothes. One day, while the old woman was down at the river washing clothes, a big peach came floating down the river! It looked so delicious, she decided to take it home for her and her husband to eat. When the old man came back to their home, the old woman cut the peach open, and to their surprise, there was a small boy inside! They decided to call him Momotaro, which means 'peach boy'. The old couple raised Momotaro to be big and strong. One day, he decided to go and defeat the ogres living on Ogre Island that were pillaging the land. The old man fixed him some delicious millet dumplings, known as kibi-dango, for his long journey to the island. On the way, a monkey, a dog, and a pheasant joined him, giving them a dumpling each in return for their help in fighting the ogres.              Upon reaching the Ogre Island, Momotaro and his companions found that the gate was locked to the Ogre's fort. The pheasant flew inside, and grabbed a key to let the others in. Once inside, they fought the evil ogres. The pheasant pecked their eyes, the dog bit their legs and the monkey jumped on their backs, clawing at the beasts. Finally, the ogres cried for mercy! They gave the strong Momotaro all of their treasure, and he returned to his village triumphantly. Momotaro and the old couple lived happily ever after.

A.   Orientation       : Once upon a time there lived an old man an old woman in the country of Okayama. The old man went everyday into the mountains to cut wood, while his wife would go to the river to wash clothes. One day, while the old woman was down at the river washing clothes, a big peach came floating down the river! It looked so delicious, she decided to take it home for her and her husband to eat. When the old man came back to their home, the old woman cut the peach open, and to their surprise, there was a small boy inside! They decided to call him Momotaro, which means 'peach boy'.

B.   Complication    : One day, he decided to go and defeat the ogres living on Ogre Island that were pillaging the land. The old man fixed him some delicious millet dumplings, known as kibi-dango, for his long journey to the island. On the way, a monkey, a dog, and a pheasant joined him, giving them a dumpling each in return for their help in fighting the ogres.

Upon reaching the Ogre Island, Momotaro and his companions found that the gate was locked to the Ogre's fort.

C.   Resolution         : The pheasant flew inside, and grabbed a key to let the others in. Once inside, they fought the evil ogres. The pheasant pecked their eyes, the dog bit their legs and the monkey jumped on their backs, clawing at the beasts. Finally, the ogres cried for mercy! They gave the strong Momotaro all of their treasure, and he returned to his village triumphantly.

A.           Translate :

Bocah Persik

Pada suatu hari hiduplah lelaki tua di negara Okayama.  Lelaki tua pergi setiap hari ke gunung untuk menebang kayu, sementara itu istrinya pergi ke sungai untuk mencuci baju. Sutu hari, selagi wanita tua turun ke sungai mencuci baju, sebuah (buah) persik  mengapung di sungai. Buah itu nampak sangat lezat, dia memutuskan untuk membawanya ke rmah untuknya dan suaminya. Ketika lelaki tua kembali ke rumah, wanita tua memuka buah persik itu, dan mereka terkejut, terdapat seorang anak laki-laki yang kecil, di dalamnya. Mereka memutuskan unruk memanggilnya Momotaro yang artinya “Bocah persik”.

Pasanan tua itu merawat Momotaro hingga menjadi besar dan kuat. Suatu hari, ia memutuskan untuk pergi dan menaklukkan Ogre yang tinggal di pulau Ogre yang merupakan pulau jarahan. Lelaki tua menyelesaikan beberapa kue bola yang berbentuk menyerupai padi, terkenal sebagai Kibi-dango, untuk perjalanannya menuju pulau itu. Di jalan, seekor monyet, anjing dan burung pegar mengikutinya, ia memberi mereka sebuah sebuah Kibi-dango setiap kembali untuk menolongnya dalam bertarung dangan Ogre.

Setelah sampai di Pulau Ogre, Momotaro dan teman-temannya menemukan benteng Ogre dikunci. an bahwa gerbang. Burung pegar terbang ke dalam dan merebut kunci untuk membiarkan yang lain masuk. Di dalam, mereka bertarung dengan Ogre yang jahat. Burung pegar mematuk mata mereka, anjing menggigit kakinya dan monyet melompat ke belakang mereka, mencakar si buas. Akhirnya, ogre menagis untuk belas kasihan. Mereka memberi Momotaro yang kuat semua harta benda mereka, dan di kembali ke desa dengan jaya. Momotaro dan pasangan tua hidup bahagia selamanya.

B.   Difficult words   :

1.              Floating           : mengapung                                      

2.              Defeat             : menaklukkan

3.              Pillaging          : menjarah

4.              Millet              : padi-padian

5.              Dumpling        : kue bola

6.              Pheasant         : burung pegar

7.              Grabbed          : merebut

8.              Mercy              : belas kasihan, rahmat

9.              Treasure          : harta benda

10.          Triumphantly  : dengan jaya

Thumbelina

A kind woman who had no children, longed for a baby and would often say, “How I would love to have a baby girl, even a tiny little one.”

A beautiful fairy heard her wish one day, and gave her a little seed to plant in a flowerpot.

When the seed bloomed into a tulip, the woman saw a tiny, beautiful girl inside, no bigger than her thumb. She decided to call her Thumbelina. She was so small that she had a walnut shell for a bed and used petals as a blanket.

Then, an ugly toad fell in love with Thumbelina. One night when she was sleeping, he carried her off to his lily pad in a pond. Thumbelina was very unhappy. A swallow was passing by and saw how sad she looked, and said, “Come south with me to warmer lands.”

Young Thumbelina flew away on the swallow’s back. They flew across the seas and came to a land of sunshine. The swallow said, ” This is my home. You can live in one of the loveliest and biggest flowers.” When Thumbelina stepped inside, she found a handsome fairy, as tiny as her, in its heart.

He was the son of the king of flowers and he fell in love with Thumbelina. He asked her to marry him. So Thumbelina became queen of the flowers and the two lived happily ever after.

http://shortstoriesshort.com/story/thumbelina/

A.      Generic structure            :

a.       Orientation                 : A kind woman who had no children, longed for a baby.

b.        Complication        :  - “How I would love to have a baby girl, even a tiny little one.”

-       Then, an ugly toad fell in love with Thumbelina. One night when she was sleeping, he carried her off to his lily pad in a pond. Thumbelina was very unhappy.

c.       Resolution             : -  A beautiful fairy heard her wish one day, and gave her a little seed to plant in a flowerpot.

-          A swallow was passing by and saw how sad she looked, and said, “Come south with me to warmer lands.”

-          Young Thumbelina flew away on the swallow’s back. They flew across the seas and came to a land of sunshine. The swallow said, ” This is my home. You can live in one of the loveliest and biggest flowers.” When Thumbelina stepped inside, she found a handsome fairy, as tiny as her, in its heart. He was the son of the king of flowers and he fell in love with Thumbelina. He asked her to marry her. So, Thumbelina became queen of the flowers and the two lived happily ever after

B.     Translate

Thumbelina

Seorang wanita yang ramah, lama tidak memiliki anak pernah berkata, “Aku akan merasa senang jika mendapat seorang bayi meskipun hanya kecil.”

Seorang peri cantik mendengarkan permintaannya suatu hari, dan memberinya benih untuk ditanam di pot bunga.

Ketika benih itu tumbuh menjadi kelopak tulip, ia melihat seorang perempuan kecil didalamya tak lebih dari ukuran ibu jarinya. Dia memutuskan untuk memanggilnya Thumbelina. Dia sangat kecil, ia mempunyai kulit kacang sebagai tempat tidurnya dan kelopak bunga sebagai selimutnya.

Kemudian seekor katak tua jatuh cinta kepada Thumbelina. Pada suatu malam ketika ia tidur, katak tua membawanya ke lapisan tulip di kolam. Thumbelina sangat tidak senang. Seekor walet lewat dan tahu seberapa sedih ia dan berkata, “Ayo pergi denganku ke selatan.”

Thumbelina muda terbang di punggung walet. Mereka terbang melewati laut dan sampailah mereka di Tanah Matahari Terbit. Walet itu berkata, “Ini adalah rumahku. Kamu bisa tinggal dalam buga yang paling kamu sukai dan paling besar.” Ketika Thumbelina masuk ke dalamnya ia menemukan peri yang tampan dan ukurannya sama sepeti dia.

Dia adalah putra raja bunga. Dia jatuh cinta kepada Thumbelina dan mengajaknya untuk menikah. Thumbelina menjadi ratu bunga dan mereka berdua hidup bahagia selamanya.

C.     Difficult words :

1.      Bloomed   : mengembang, sekumulan bunga

2.      Toad          : katak

3.      Across       : melintasi, melewati

4.      Flew away : terbang

5.      Stepped     : melangkah

The Story of Bromo

Hundreds years ago, during the reign of the last king of Majapahit, Brawijaya, the situation was so uncertain due to the expanding new religion, Islam. At the time, the queen gave birth a baby girl and named her Roro Anteng, later the princess married Joko Seger, a Brahma Caste.
Since the influences of the new religion was so strong that it created chaos. The king and his followers were forced to back off to the east, some of them reached Bali and some of them reached a volcano.

The new married couple, Roro Anteng and Joko Seger were also found among the fugitives who went to the volcano. Later they ruled the volcano area and named it Tengger. The word Tengger was derived from Roro Anteng and Joko Seger. Then he surnamed himself the riffle of Purba Wasesa Mangkurat Ing Tengger which means the righteous ruler of Tengger.
Years after year as the region flourished in prosperity, the King and Queen felt unhappy for they had no children to succeed their throne. On their desperation, they decided to climb the top of the volcano to pray and beseech before God, the Almighty. Deeply, impressed by the faith of their meditation affected the murmuring sound of the crater lifted up miraculously followed by a golden lightning that made the surrounding locked so scintillating. Their prayer were heard the God and would give them children, but they should sacrifice their last child as return. It was a promising future that could not be denied.
Not long after, the first baby boy was born and Roro Anteng named him Tumenggung Klewung. Child after child was born during the years and it reached 25 in number to whom she gave the named Kesuma for the last child.
Roro Anteng and Joko Seger were very happy ever since, love and affection were imparted among their children. Happiness lingered on years after years, but a dull and sad feeling still haunted them for their promise would be claimed one day. They realized that they could not run from the fact, a bitter disappointment of losing a child shot through their brains. The day came, the God reminded them of their promise which could not be avoided.
As they felt how cruel it was to sacrifice their beloved child, they decided to break their promise by not offering him to the God. They brought away their children in order to save their last child from the offering. They tried to find a place to hide, however, they could not find away.
All of by sudden, the dreadful eruption of the volcano followed to where they went and miraculously Kesuma, the last beloved child was swallowed into the crater. At the same time when Kesuma disappeared from their sight, turbulent brawl diminished and strange silence for a while but a sudden voice echoed: Hi, my beloved brothers and sisters. It was sacrificed to appear before God Hyang Widi Wasa to save all of you. And what I expect be in a peace and live prosperously. Don't forget to set mutual assistance among you and to worship God constantly to arrange an offering ceremony annually on 14th of Kasada (the twelfth month of Tenggerese calendar) by full moon. For the sake of your God. Hyang Widi Wasa.
Kesuma's Brothers and sisters held the offering ceremony annually just like what Kesuma advised and it was held from generation to generation up to now.
Source : http://folklore-lover.blogspot.com/2002/03/legend-of-tengger-bromo.html.

A.    Generic structure

a.       Orientation     : Hundreds years ago, during the reign of the last king of Majapahit, Brawijaya, the situation was so uncertain due to the expanding new religion, Islam. At the time, the queen gave birth a baby girl and named her Roro Anteng, later the princess married Joko Seger, a Brahma Caste.

b.      Complication  : Their prayer were heard the God and would give them children, but they should sacrifice their last child as return. It was a promising future that could not be denied.

Roro Anteng and Joko Seger were very happy ever since, love and affection were imparted among their children. Happiness lingered on years after years, but a dull and sad feeling still haunted them for their promise would be claimed one day. They realized that they could not run from the fact, a bitter disappointment of losing a child shot through their brains. The day came, the God reminded them of their promise which could not be avoided.

As they felt how cruel it was to sacrifice their beloved child, they decided to break their promise by not offering him to the God. They brought away their children in order to save their last child from the offering. They tried to find a place to hide, however, they could not find away.

c.       Resolution      : All of by sudden, the dreadful eruption of the volcano followed to where they went and miraculously Kesuma, the last beloved child was swallowed into the crater. At the same time when Kesuma disappeared from their sight, turbulent brawl diminished and strange silence for a while but a sudden voice echoed, “ Hi, my beloved brothers and sisters. It was sacrificed to appear before God Hyang Widi Wasa to save all of you. And what I expect be in a peace and live prosperously. Don't forget to set mutual assistance among you and to worship God constantly to arrange an offering ceremony annually on 14th of Kasada (the twelfth month of Tenggerese calendar) by full moon. For the sake of your God. Hyang Widi Wasa.”

Kesuma's Brothers and sisters held the offering ceremony annually just like what Kesuma advised and it was held from generation to generation up to now.

Translate :

Cerita dari Bromo

          Ratusan tahun yang lalu, pada masa pemerintahan raja terakhir Majapahit, Brawijaya, situasinya sangat tidak pasti karena agama baru berkembang. Pada saat itu, Ratu melahirkan seorang bayi permpuan dan menamainya Roro Anteng, kemudian sang putri menikah dengan Joko Seger, seorang Kasta Brahma.

            Karena pengaruh agama baru begitu kuat sehingga menciptakan kekacauan. Raja dan para pengikutnya terpaksa mundur ke timur, beberapa dari mereka mencapai Bali dan beberapa dari mereka mencapai gunung berapi.

            Pasangan yang baru menikah, Roro Anteng dan Joko Seger juga ditemukan di antara para buronan yang pergi ke gunung berapi. Kemudian mereka memerintah daerah gunung berapi dan menamakannya Tengger. Kata Tengger berasal dari Roro Anteng dan Joko Seger. Lalu ia mengubah namanya menjadi Purba Wasesa Mangkurat Ing Tengger yang berarti penguasa Tengger.

            Beberapa tahun kemudian, kawasan itu berkembang dalam kemakmuran, namun Raja dan Ratu merasa kurang bahagia karena mereka tidak memiliki anak untuk mewarisi takhta mereka. Pada keputusasaan mereka, mereka memutuskan untuk mendaki puncak gunung untuk berdoa dan memohon di hadapan Tuhan Yang Mahakuasa. Saat itu, terdengar suara yang berasal dari kawah diikuti oleh petir emas. Doa mereka didengar Tuhan dan akan memberi mereka anak-anak, tetapi mereka harus mengorbankan anak terakhir mereka sebagai pengembalian. Itu adalah masa depan yang menjanjikan yang tidak bisa ditolak.

             Tidak lama kemudian, bayi pertama mereka lahir dan Roro Anteng menamainya Tumenggung Klewung. Setelah anak tersebut lahir, selama bertahun-tahun Roro Anteng melahirkan anak berjumlah 25 orang. Anak terakhir mereka diberi nama Kesuma.

             Roro Anteng dan Joko Seger sangat senang sejak itu, cinta dan kasih sayang selalu mereka curahkan untuk anak-anak mereka. Setelah bertahun-tahun berlalu, mereka dihantui janji yang pernah mereka ucap. Mereka menyadari bahwa mereka tidak bisa lari dari kenyataan. Suatu hari, Tuhan  mengingatkan mereka tentang janji yang tidak bisa mereka hindari.

             Karena mereka merasa betapa kejamnya itu untuk mengorbankan anak kesayangan mereka, mereka memutuskan untuk melanggar janji mereka dengan tidak menawarkan dia kepada Tuhan. Mereka membawa pergi anak-anak mereka untuk menyelamatkan anak terakhir mereka dari penawaran. Mereka mencoba untuk menemukan tempat untuk bersembunyi, namun, mereka tidak bisa melarikan diri.

          Tiba-tiba, letusan gunung berapi yang mengerikan itu menelan Kesuma dalam kawahnya. Pada saat yang sama ketika Kesuma menghilang dari pandangan mereka, perkelahian yang bergolak itu  berkurang dan keheningan yang aneh terjadi untuk sementara, terdapat suara yang tiba-tiba bergema, “ Wahai, saudara terkasih. Kesuma dikorbankan untuk menghadap Sang Hyang Widi Wasa untuk menyelamatkan kalian semua. Saya berharap kalian berada dalam kedamaian dan hidup sejahtera. Jangan lupa untuk mengatur bantuan timbal balik di antara kamu dan untuk menyembah Tuhan secara terus-menerus dan melaksanakan upacara persembahan. Demi Tuhanmu. Hyang Widi Wasa. “

             Saudara-saudara Kesuma mengadakan upacara pengorbanan setiap tahunnya seperti yang Kesuma lakukan dan itu berlangsung dari generasi ke generasi sampai sekarang.

B.     Difficult Words :

1.      Reign         : pemerintahan

2.      Chaos        : kekacauan

3.      Flourished : maju, berjalan dengan baik

4.      Prosperity  : kemakmuran

5.      Imparted   : menanamkan

6.      Haunted    : angker, seram

7.      Miraculously : dengan menakjubkan

8.      Turbulent   : bergolak

9.      Diminshed : mengurangi

10.  Annually   : setiap tahun

Calon Arang

Once upon time, in Girah village lived the supernatural widow named Calon Arang with her son who very beautiful named Ratna Manggali. Because all people afraid with the widow, so no man who brave to apply Ratna Manggali.

Knowing this, Calon Arang angry and condemn everyone as a punishment. She does it by doing a ceremony at the grave while giving offerings. Goddess Durga directly down and grant the petition of Calon Arang. After that, the epidemic disease directly attack all people in Girah village. The victims very much. The King Airlangga get this pitiful inform and try to destroy the disease and its causes.

One day, The King Airlangga heard that only Mpu Bharadah from Lemah Tulis Village could defeated Calon Arang. Then, The  King sent messengers to Mpu Bharadah asked for help. The requests of The King Airlangga received by Mpu Bharadah, then Mpu Bharadah sent his student named Bahula  to the king in order to easily the marriage of Bahula and Ratna Manggali.

Mpu Bharadah asked to Bahula ,”Bahula, could you help me ?”, Bahula answered, ”Yes, what can I do for you”, “You must married with Ratna Manggali, the son of Calon Arang, to easily us to beat Calon Arang.” said Mpu Bharadah. Without thinking, Bahula accepted, he answered ,”Okay, if that’s what you want, I will do for you”. After that Bahula went to the kingdom.

After The King heard about the plan from Bahula, the king agree with the plan of Mpu Bharadah, and Bahula went to Calon Arang to propose marriage to Ratna Manggali. The propose is accepted, and then married Bahula and Ratna Manggali, and Bahula stayed in Ratna Manggali’s house with Calon Arang.

From Ratna Manggali, Bahula got information about the habit of Calon Arang. Bahula as soon as back to his village Lemah Tulis while brought the black magic book of Calon Arang and he told the habit of Calon Arang to Mpu Bharadah.

“My lord, from Ratna Manggali, I got many information about the habit of Calon Arang that is everynight she always read her black magic book and does ceremony in the grave”, said Bahula to Mpu Bharadah. ”Good job Bahula, you doing it well”. Answered Mpu Bharadah. Then, Bahula directly told to came back to the Girah Village before known with his law. After that Mpu Bharadah also followed Bahula to Girah Village.

In the grave of Girah Village, finally Mpu Bharadah met with Calon Arang.

Mpu Bharadah said to Calon Arang ,”Can you remove your curse because too many victims were died. Calon Arang answer ,” I will remove my curse, but you must forgive all of my sins”.

Because of the sins of Calon Arang very much, Mpu Bharadah refused her wishes. “No, I can’t do that, because your sins very much” said Mpu Bharadah.

Since Mpu Bharadah refused her wishes, Calon Arang be angry and the great battle was happened. Calon Arang tried to killed Mpu Bharadah  by the fires that coming out of her eyes. Because of  Mpu Bharadah more supernatural, and instead Calon Arang was died in a stand condition.

Then,  Calon Arang was turn on again by Mpu Bharadah. Calon Arang asked to Mpu Bharadah ,”Why you turn on me again”, “I turn on you again because I will teach you the truth in order to give you the way to heaven and  maybe if you can, I will teach you the way to “The Moksa”. Answered Mpu Bharadah.

Calon Arang feel so happy because Mpu Bharadah want to teach the way to heaven. After he finish taught Calon Arang, Calon  Arang was turn off again and then her body was burned.

Mpu Bharadah told Bahula to report this to the king. The King Airlangga and his people thank you very much to Mpu Bharadah.

The king said ,”Thank you Bharadah, you already saved my people from this disaster. What can I give for to avenge your righteousness”. Mpu Bharadah answered ,”I don’t ask anything, I only want you held back again the old tradition that is Dewasasana, Rajasasana, Rajaniti, Rajakapakapa, Munasasana, Resisasana, and Adhigama. The King Airlangga agree and Mpu Bharadah purify the Girah Village and built temples there.

http://tendycaptain.blogspot.com/2013/05/the-story-of-calon-arang_7.html

A.    Generic Structure :

a.       Orientation            : Once upon time, in Girah village lived the supernatural widow named Calon Arang with her son who very beautiful named Ratna Manggali. Because all people afraid with the widow, so no man who brave to apply Ratna Manggali.

b.      Complication         : Since Mpu Bharadah refused her wishes, Calon Arang be angry and the great battle was happened. Calon Arang tried to killed Mpu Bharadah  by the fires that coming out of her eyes. Because of  Mpu Bharadah more supernatural, and instead Calon Arang was died in a stand condition

c.       Resolution             : Calon Arang feel so happy because Mpu Bharadah want to teach the way to heaven. After he finish taught Calon Arang, Calon  Arang was turn off again and then her body was burned.

Mpu Bharadah told Bahula to report this to the king. The King Airlangga and his people thank you very much to Mpu Bharadah.

The king said ,”Thank you Bharadah, you already saved my people from this disaster. What can I give for to avenge your righteousness”. Mpu Bharadah answered ,”I don’t ask anything, I only want you held back again the old tradition that is Dewasasana, Rajasasana, Rajaniti, Rajakapakapa, Munasasana, Resisasana, and Adhigama. The King Airlangga agree and Mpu Bharadah purify the Girah Village and built temples there.

B.     Translate :

Calon Arang

Sekali waktu, di desa Girah hidup janda supranatural bernama Calon Arang dengan anaknya yang sangat cantik bernama Ratna Manggali. Karena semua orang takut dengan janda, sehingga tidak ada orang yang berani untuk menerapkan Ratna Manggali.

Mengetahui hal ini, Calon Arang marah dan mengutuk semua orang sebagai hukuman. Dia melakukannya dengan melakukan upacara di kuburan sambil memberikan persembahan. Dewi Durga langsung turun dan Mengabulkan permohonan Calon Arang. Setelah itu, penyakit epidemi langsung menyerang semua orang di desa Girah. Para korban sangat banyak. Raja Airlangga mendapatkan informasi yang menyedihkan ini dan mencoba untuk menghancurkan penyakit dan penyebabnya.

Suatu hari, Raja Airlangga mendengar bahwa hanya Mpu Bharadah dari Lemah Tulis Village bisa mengalahkan Calon Arang. Kemudian, Raja mengirim utusan kepada Mpu Bharadah meminta bantuan. Permintaan dari The King Airlangga diterima oleh Mpu Bharadah, maka Mpu Bharadah mengirim muridnya bernama Bahula kepada raja agar mudah pernikahan Bahula dan Ratna Manggali.

Mpu Bharadah diminta untuk Bahula, "Bahula, bisa anda membantu saya?", Bahula menjawab, "Ya, apa yang bisa saya lakukan untuk Anda", "Anda harus menikah dengan Ratna Manggali, anak Calon Arang, dengan mudah kita untuk mengalahkan Calon arang. "kata Mpu Bharadah. Tanpa pikir panjang, Bahula diterima, ia menjawab, "Oke, kalau itu yang Anda inginkan, saya akan lakukan untuk Anda". Setelah itu Bahula pergi ke kerajaan.

Setelah Raja mendengar tentang rencana dari Bahula, raja setuju dengan rencana Mpu Bharadah, dan Bahula pergi ke Calon Arang untuk melamar Ratna Manggali. The mengusulkan diterima, dan kemudian menikah Bahula dan Ratna Manggali, dan Bahula tinggal di rumah Ratna Manggali dengan Calon Arang.

Dari Ratna Manggali, Bahula mendapat informasi tentang kebiasaan Calon Arang. Bahula segera setelah kembali ke desanya Lemah Tulis sementara membawa buku sihir hitam dari Calon Arang dan dia mengatakan kepada kebiasaan Calon Arang ke Mpu Bharadah.

"Tuanku, dari Ratna Manggali, saya mendapat banyak informasi tentang kebiasaan Calon Arang yang everynight dia selalu membaca buku ilmu hitam dan tidak upacara di kuburan", kata Bahula ke Mpu Bharadah. "Good job Bahula, Anda melakukannya dengan baik". Dijawab Mpu Bharadah. Kemudian, Bahula langsung diberitahu untuk kembali ke Girah Village sebelum dikenal dengan hukum-Nya. Setelah itu Mpu Bharadah juga diikuti Bahula ke Girah Village.

Di makam Girah Village, akhirnya Mpu Bharadah bertemu dengan Calon Arang.

Mpu Bharadah berkata kepada Calon Arang, "Dapatkah Anda menghapus kutukan Anda karena terlalu banyak korban meninggal. Calon Arang menjawab, "Aku akan menghapus kutukan saya, tapi Anda harus mengampuni semua dosa-dosa saya".

Karena dosa-dosa Calon Arang sangat banyak, Mpu Bharadah menolak keinginannya. "Tidak, aku tidak bisa melakukan itu, karena dosa-dosa Anda sangat banyak" kata Mpu Bharadah.

Sejak Mpu Bharadah menolak keinginannya, Calon Arang marah dan pertempuran besar itu terjadi. Calon Arang mencoba membunuh Mpu Bharadah oleh kebakaran yang keluar dari matanya. Karena Mpu Bharadah lebih supranatural, dan sebagai gantinya Calon Arang telah meninggal dalam kondisi berdiri.

Kemudian, Calon Arang itu dihidupkan lagi oleh Mpu Bharadah. Calon Arang diminta untuk Mpu Bharadah, "Mengapa Anda mengaktifkan lagi", "saya mengaktifkan lagi karena saya akan mengajarkan Anda kebenaran untuk memberikan jalan ke surga dan mungkin jika Anda bisa, saya akan mengajarkan Anda cara " moksa". Dijawab Mpu Bharadah.

Calon Arang merasa sangat senang karena Mpu Bharadah ingin mengajar jalan ke surga. Setelah ia selesai mengajar Calon Arang, Calon Arang adalah mematikan lagi dan kemudian tubuhnya dibakar.

Mpu Bharadah mengatakan Bahula untuk melaporkan hal ini kepada raja. The King Airlangga dan rakyatnya terima kasih banyak untuk Mpu Bharadah.

Raja berkata, "Terima kasih Bharadah, Anda sudah menyelamatkan umat-Ku dari bencana ini. Apa yang bisa saya berikan untuk membalas jasa-jasamu ". Mpu Bharadah menjawab, "Aku tidak meminta apa-apa, saya hanya ingin kau menahan lagi tradisi lama yang Dewasasana, Rajasasana, Rajaniti, Rajakapakapa, Munasasana, Resisasana, dan Adhigama. The King Airlangga setuju dan Mpu Bharadah memurnikan Desa Girah dan membangun pura disana.

C.     Difficult words

1.      Defeated   : mengalahkan

2.      Petition      : doa, surat permohonan

3.      Pity            : kasih, sayang

4.      Curse         : kutukan, sumpah

5.      Instead of  : sebagai ganti

6.      avenge       : membalas dendam

7.      righteousness : kebudimanan (budiman)

8.      grave         : kuburan, makam

9.      directly      : dengan langsung, dengan segera

10.  sins            : dosa.

6.        News Item

A. Purpose           : to Inform the readers about events of the day. The events are considered newsworthy or important.

B. Generic structure :

 a. Newsworthy events : main news that happened (highlights of the news)

 b. Background event : backroground of the news (what makes the news happen, how is it happen and why is it happen)

c. Source                     : source of the news

C. Language Feature  :

a. The use of Past Tense

b. usually use of direct speech/saying verbs

c.The use of adverb and verb

News item

Town Contaminated

Newsworthy events Moscow – A Russian journalist has uncovered evidence of another Soviet nuclear catastrophe, which killed 10 sailors and contaminated an entire town. Background Events Yelena Vazrshavskya is the first journalist to speak to people who witnessed the explosion of a nuclear submarine at the naval base of shkotovo – 22 near Vladivostock. The accident, which occurred 13 months before the Chernobyl disaster, spread radioactive fall-out over the base and nearby town, but was covered  up by officials of the Soviet Union. Residents were told the explosion in the reactor of the Victor-class submarine during a refit had been a ‘thermal’ and not a nuclear explosion. And those involved in the clean up operation to remove more than 600 tones of contaminated material were sworn to secrecy. Sources A board of investigators was later to describe it as the worst accident in the history of the Soviet Navy.

7.                 Procedure text

A.   SOCIAL FUNCTION

To describe how something is accomplished through a sequence of actions or steps.

B.    GENERIC STRUCTURE

·         Goal

·         Materials (not required for all Procedural texts).

·         Steps 1-n (i.e., Goal followed by a series of steps oriented to achieving the Goal).

C.    SIGNIFICANT LEXICOGRAMMATICAL FEATURES

·         Focus on generalized human agents.

·         Use of simple present tense, often Imperative.

·         Use mainly of temporal conjunctions (or numbering to indicate sequence).

·         Use mainly of Material Processes.

How to Make Ice Cream

 

INGREDIENTS :

·       2 cups milk (not skim) or cream

·       2 tablespoons sugar

·       1 teaspoon Vanilla extract (can substitute other flavoring.)

·       Several cups of Ice (the smaller the pieces, the better)

·       1 cup salt (rock salt is best, but table salt can also be used)

·       You need these supplies to make ice cream

·       Tub or large coffee can to hold salt and ice

·       Glass bowl or small coffee can

·       Electric mixer or whisk

·       Ice cream scoop

·       Storage container for freezer

INSTRUCTIONS :

1.      Setting up the cooling apparatus. Stir ice and salt in the larger container. Double-check that the small container will fit into the larger one even with the ice.

2.      Combine the ingredients. Mix together the milk, sugar, and vanilla in the glass bowl. Then, set this bowl in the tub filled with ice and rock salt, making sure that the salt water does not spill into the bowl. Instead of a glass bowl and tub, you can also use a small coffee can inside a large coffee can.

3.      Mix the ice cream. Mix the ingredients in the small container vigorously. The salty ice mixture will cool the mixture down until it turns into ice cream. Mix very thoroughly. If you’re using a whisk instead of an electric mixer in your glass bowl, you’ll have to stir very hard, or ice crystals will form in the ice cream. If you are using the coffee can method, make sure both cans are well sealed, and then roll and shake to mix the ice cream mixture. It should take about 10 to 15 minutes to stir the ice cream using either method. Stir until it is free from ice crystals and is the right consistency.

4.      Storage and serving. If you don’t eat the ice cream right away, be sure to store it in the freezer so that it doesn’t melt.

How to make Spaghetti Bolognese

 

Ingredients :

·         410 gm Tomato

·         1 tbsp Olive oil

·         1 Medium brown onion, chopped finely

·         500 gm Minced beef

·         1 Clove garlic, crushed

·         1/2 Cup tomato paste

·         1/4 Cup beef stock

·         1/2 tsp Sugar

·         1/2 Cup dry red wine

·         2 tsp Fresh oregano

·         1 tbsp Fresh basil, finely shredded

How to make Spaghetti Bolognese → The Steps

1. Heat oil in a big saucepan and cook onion and garlic in it on medium heat till onion is soft, keep stirring.

2. Add beef to the pan, stir continuously on high flame till well browned.

3. Crush the tomatoes using potato masher.

4. Add tomato paste, wine, stock, sugar and crushed tomatoes and bring it to a boil.

5. Reduce the heat, covered and simmer for about 30 minutes till beef is tender and mixture thickened slightly.

6. Now stir through herbs.

7. Meanwhile, cook pasta in a big saucepan of boiling water, uncovered, till just tender, drain

8. Now serve sauce over spaghetti